![]() This work highlighted a biological decarboxylation by the laccase or bacterial oxidase(s), leading to the partly formation of gentisyl alcohol and gentisaldehyde that are integral parts of the polymer. C ar–C ar bindings predominated in the three polymers, C ar–O–C ar (ether) linkages being absent, proposing mainly C 3-C 6 (α-bindings) and C 4-C 6 (β-bindings) configurations. The chemical structures had been investigated by 13C solid-state NMR (CP-MAS) and FTIR. Three procedures have been elaborated and optimized, (1) an HGA-Mn 2+ chemical autoxidation (Pyo CHEM yield 0.317 g/g substrate), (2) an induced bacterial culture of Halomonas titanicae through the 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid-1-hydroxylase route (Pyo BACT, 0.55 g/L), and (3) a process using a recombinant laccase extract with the highest level produced (Pyo ENZ, 1.25 g/g substrate) and all the criteria for a large-scale prototype. This work aimed to develop a production process and evaluate the quality of the pigment. Pyomelanin is a polymer of homogentisic acid synthesized by microorganisms.
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